经典作文笔记5

2001年写作大纲的改革：
         1. 单词数目由150增加到200个单词。
         2. 分值从15分增加到了20分。
         3. 在大纲样题中：增加了情景说明。
这种题目的类型是观点论证题。2001年的考题要举例论证，而这道题要充分利用图表数据去论证。

左上角的是柱状图，bar chart, 可以看出是处于一个减少的趋势。
减少：decrease; decline; reduce;
表达的时候一定要用 from to 结构。
英语中没有亿的概念, 只有十亿：billion;所以途中数据应该改为：14.364 billion pounds;14.2 billion pounds
右上角的饼状图：pie chart,  
它的特点是可以看出某个部分占多大的比例，应该相应的使用：account for
左下角的图：图上的数字应为 200 billion
右下角的图：图上的数字应为 3 million
范文：（高分）
The（vast更有力度）majority of（绝大多数）people would agree that cigarette smoking（吸烟：cigarette smoking  烟草消费：tobacco consumption）has caused（导致：cause; lead to）serious problems.（严重的问题：serious problem; grave consequence;）绝大多数人都同意，吸烟已经导致了严重的问题。 But the tobacco companies insist（坚持认为：insist; claim）that they contribute greatly to the world economy（为世界经济做出了巨大的贡献）by paying taxes to the government and employing hundreds of workers.（Widespread tobacco consumption has led to grave consequences, yet the tobacco companies still claim that they make a valuable contribution to the world economy.词性变换）
Personally, I believe that cigarette production and consumption threatens to do more harm than good. Firstly, smoking is responsible for many fatal diseases such as lung cancer, heart diseases and so on. According to the survey, tobacco consumers account for about 20% of the world population, and among them, three million people die from smoking-related diseases every year. The fact that the output of tobacco production is reduced from（或者使用：decrease from……to……）14.364 billion pounds in 1994 to 14.2 billion pounds in 1995 also suggests that people have come to realize the negative effects of smoking. Secondly, tobacco consumption is extremely wasteful of money. As is indicated in the pictures, 200 billion US dollars is lost due to smoking each year. Obviously, the total loss of money around the globe substantially exceeds the gain in the industry.
In conclusion (得出结论) , as the economic development aims at making our life better, we cannot sacrifice our health for short-term financial benefits. If we have to spend more and more money providing medical services for those who suffer from smoking-related illnesses, the notion of promoting economy via（通过）tobacco production is not justifiable（站得住脚的，有道理的）. It is high time that we fought for the total tobacco ban（禁令）. —虚拟语气—
好的议论文在列出观点前一般都有一个段首句，用段首句统领下面的观点。
弊大于利：more disadvantages than advantages      threatens to do more harm than good
烟草公司之所以还坚持生产烟草，无非认为为政府纳税，并且每年雇用大批劳动力。
常用于图表作文中，意思是根据调查，根据统计。survey 表示调查，相当于 investigation
    也可以替换为：     according to the statistics(根据统计数据)
    according to the figures(根据数字，数据)     according to the data(根据数字，数据)
句型: the fact that……suggest that……
或者:  the fact that……implies that……即透过表面,挖掘实质。
             the fact that……indicates that……
浪费: waste; is lost; is extremely wasteful of
技巧:动词变成词组  例如：very important--be of great importance
emphasize--put emphasis on
观念，观点: notion;  口语中一般用：view; point; opinion;
写到最后一段时，为了丰富句型，我们可以用：
倒装句：Only in this way can we……      Only in this way can we……
强调句：It is ……that……           It is in this way that……
虚拟语气：It is high time that we did sth.

表格题：table
题目是：西安市民的日用花销统计，横向是年份，纵向分别是：食物，衣服，娱乐以及其他和总数。
提纲:  三个方面:   一. 描述变化(describe the changes)。
                   二. 变化原因(the reasons for the changes)。
                   三. 预测未来。
难点：因为表格题的数据过多，我们应该有意识的选取典型的数据。
选取的策略：首尾呼应，只找起点和终点的数据，再分析数据的增减变化。在写作中把变化趋势点到为止就可以了。











范文：
What is shown in the table above indicates that dramatic changes have taken place in the people's daily expenses in Xi'an from 1995 to 1999.（点出起点和终点心） The expenses on food have declined by 30%（减少了30%）while those on clothing and recreation have increased respectively by 9% and 7%. The statistics of rise and fall seem to exist in isolation but closely related to one another.
There are two factors accounting for these changes. Development in economy is an essential one in the five years. The increased income resulting from economic growth plays an important part in the less expense on food. Hence, a small percentage of total income is enough to cover food expense. Another one is the changes in life style. When foods presents no worry to the average, people begin to focus more of interest on handsome appearance and happy leisure time. As a result of such a shift, spending on clothing and recreation increased year after year.
From the analyses made above, we may come to the conclusion that people's living standards in Xi'an have been constantly improved between 1995 and 1999. With the further growth in economy and more changes in life style, the tendency indicated in the table will continue in the table will continue in the better direction.

What is shown in the table above indicates that dramatic changes have taken place：以上的图表可以看出大幅度的变化.
分别的,各自的：respectively  respected; respectful; respectable;  respective
(已经)受到了尊敬：respected;     怀有敬意的：respectful;     值得尊敬的：respectable;
The statistics of rise and fall seem to exist in isolation起伏升降的数据统计
isolation孤立,隔绝                 but closely related to one another但是却密切相关
The statistics of rise and fall seem to exist in isolation but closely related to one another.这些数据似乎是孤立存在的，但是却密切相关。
analysis单数是analysis些复数是analyses
我们可以得出结论：in our opinion; as far as we are concerned; we may come to the conclusion
趋势：tendency         固定搭配：朝着……方向：in……direction
朝着越来越好的方向：in the better direction     朝着越来越差的方向：in the worse direction
图表作文的关键还在于第二段和第三段。第二段应该透过表面抓本质，第三段提出建议，预测未来。

第二类作文：情景作文
情景作文如果是英语情景是不能照搬的，要用英语同义词，相关词改造情景语言。甚至它主动句，我则被动句；它肯定句，我则双重否定句。通过多种方式，改造情景语言。
情景作文如果是英语情景是不能照搬的，要用英语同义词，相关词改造情景语言。甚至它主动句，我则被动句；它肯定句，我则双重否定句。通过多种方式，改造情景语言。汉语的如何去做？如果是汉语情景，策略是翻译加分配原则。合理使用它的语言和信息，要 努力做到能充分利用。这叫情景语言的充分利用。

目前我国高考竞争愈演愈烈。每年考生人数近300万，而录取率在40%以下，多数考生肯定要落选。这给考生、考生的家庭和学校，乃至整个社会，都造成了很大的压力，引发了一些社会问题。（这是说的现状。能不能写到第1段作为现状说明呢？）此外，不同类型或特点的考生用同一模式和难度的试卷，有欠公允；三天的考试成绩便决定一个人的未来命运，亦不够合理。（这是指高考弊端的两个方面或者说是改革的原因所在，写到第二段。）如何解决这些问题，改革现行的高考制度？我的意见是…。（以后写作文，需要写解决办法时，如果第二段能说出弊端一二三，到第三段写建议时就一个一个扭转趋势。）
Statistics show that no more than 40% of people who take the college entrance exams pass. Because a college education is regarded as the key to a successful career, this puts enormous pressure on the applicants. It also causes social problems, as those who fail consider that they have disgraced their families.
It seems to me that the exams are unfair, for three reasons: First, applicants with different abilities are faced with the same type of exam paper, second, the results of a mere three days of examination affect the applicant's whole future; and third, applicants who can afford private tutors usually score higher marks than those who are poorer, but perhaps more intelligent.
To improve the system of college entrance exams, I suggest the following steps: the exam papers should be graded to take into account the different levels of ability and the different backgrounds of the applicants; in addition to the actual exam, a complete assessment of the applicant's educational achievements should be made; and tutoring in examination techniques should be made available to all.

statistics show that  数据表明                    regarded as：被看作、被当作。
key to ：固定搭配，表示什么什么的关键。可以用 solution of the problem 代替。
put pressure on：对谁构成压力。对某人施加压力。
disgrace：名词，表示羞辱、耻辱。作动词用 disgraced sb.：令某人感到羞辱耻辱。
are faced with ：表示面对。外国人说面对，一般都用动词的过去分词，如are  faced with ;are confronted with。或用 be in the face of 。
三个术语：applicants （考生）、                
private tutors（家教）而不用 family teacher ，house teacher ，home teacher、
score(在这里名词作动词用，表示打分)
take into account：考虑进去。             in addition to：除此之外。
assessment：表示估计、评估。make assessment of sth.：对某事做出评估。
be made available to sb.：把这个被动变成主动为make sth avaiable to sb.（让某人获得什么条件）。
tutoring：把名词当作动词用，在变成动名词表示辅导。

说明
还有一种关键的考试方式叫信函，事务信函。写信分两大类：一类是给父母、兄弟姐妹、或朋友、同学写信，这叫 personal letter（私人信件）。写私人信件比较随便，开头可以写 hi how are you ，long time no see 等等，但这种作文考不出语言的实力，考试作文一般考议论文，看分析问题的逻辑能力和语言的应用能力。因此，一般考另外一种叫 business letter （事务信函）。要使用尊敬的语气，大量使用议论文的表达。用 formal language ，并且还要符合一定的格式。
范例：
prestigious：久负盛名的；on campus：校园内；be content with：对什么感到满意。
第一段是忌讳自我介绍的。大一学生：freshman；大二：sophomore；大三：junior  student；大四：senior  student。术语要用对。
    写事务信函不能在语气上质问对方。the prices are too black：这种说法是错误的。价格只有高低之分，只能说 high 或 low。It waste us too many time：这个句子有两个错误一是主谓不搭配，谓语动词应是 wastes ，还有就是时间是不可数名词，应用 much ,  或用 great deal of 、a lot of 。
如要表示祝愿，事业顺利、成功，健康，家庭美满之类的，可以在中间写入 best wishes、best  regards ，给您良好的祝愿。在右下角写上 yours  sincerely。或者 sincerely  yours ，签名。

事务信函要包含的五大要素：
    第一：开门见山说意图。上来就写  I am writing the letter in order to  表明意图。
    第二：咨询、建议。 最好都写 1,2,3结构，就是说 first; second; third不要用above all、in addition to等。
第三：不同方面可分段。
    第四：感谢、客气不可少。如  ：I would be very grateful if you would be kind enough to help me；或者I am very sorry for  the inconveniences  I've caused.（由于我为您导致的不便我深感歉意）。
    第五：期待回信成老套。如在文章结尾处加一句：I look forward to your reply.（期待收到回信）。I look forward to your reply as soon as possible. （期待尽快收到回信）。
除了这五大要素之外，选词造句时尽量使用复杂的议论文风格的词来表达。


You wish to study at a certain foreign university. Write a letter inquiring about the situation there as regards accommodation, fees and qualifications.
Dear Sir，（不正规）
I am a Chinese citizen who wishes to study at your university.（第一句表明的意图。） My plan is to start my course next term, and I would be grateful if you would be kind enough to provide me with certain essential information.（感谢客气不可少。整个长句是一个套话，可背诵下来。一旦使用情态动词 could、would 时表示客气，语气是非常礼貌的。）
First, what qualifications do I need to follow a course of study at your university? I already have a master's degree from a university here in China, but I wonder if there are any further academic requirements. Second, how much are the tuition fees? Although I intend to be self - supporting, I would be interested to hear if there are any scholarships available for international students. Third, what is the situation as regards accommodation? I would prefer a single room, which is more conducive to studying, but if single rooms are expensive, I would be willing to share.
I look forward to your reply, and to attending your esteemed institution.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming

这是一封 inquiry 咨询信。
称呼不正规，应为不知收信人是男或女。Dear Sir 应改为 Dear Sir/madam。
咨询建议1，2，3。
qualifications：资历、资格、要求。              tuition：学费。
as regards：等同于about。在写商业文件、事务信函、法律文件时,会出现as regards 非常正式。
accommodation：住宿。
不同方面可分段，但在这里文章没有分段。（第二段）
期待回信成老套。 esteemed：受到尊敬。
打印格式：事务信函手写是不礼貌的，应打印出来。这篇作文叫齐头式作文，即所有的段落不空格，都顶住左端。包括前面的称呼和后面的签名。还有一种就是缩进式。即每段前面空2-4个格。签名则写在右下角。
写事务信函语言怎样才能显得讲究：不光使用议论文语言，而且要求绝对精确。不能犯语法、拼写错误。
conducive:表示有助于、有利于。它后面的to是一个介词，只能跟名词或动名词。
期待回信成老套。I look forward t这个to 也是一个介词。
A Letter of Request
  You find that your study load is too heavy. Write a letter to your college teacher explaining why you need to withdraw from two courses. Ask if it is possible to obtain a refund.

Dear Prof. James,

I am writing to formally request to withdraw from two courses: Introduction to Elementary Education (EDU 602) and Teaching Methods(EDU 619)
这是一篇事务信函请求信。请求退掉两门课及两门课的学费。开门见山说意图
formally:正式地。withdraw:退掉，也可以用drop来代替。
退课原因：因为打工学习有压力，要少选几门课。
过度乐观：overly optimistic; 在这里作者做了一个类比：把学习打工根杂耍作了类比。杂耍演员：juggling.
Refund: 表示退费。full reimbursement: 全额退款。
范句：I am sorry for any inconveniences I have caused: 对于我给你造成的不便深感歉意。
强调句：I do appreciate. 在这个句子中，不是king 而是keen.
感谢客气不可少。不怕多，而是怕没有。
期待回信成老套。Hear from ： 收到回信；这是齐头式作文，签名在左下角。
复习篇目索引：把教材里的精选的范文模仿着用，利用互译法加模仿法。反复的翻译、比较语言。是否有语法错误、用词不当、语言不够优秀。把它精彩的闪光点标出，到其他的地方试用一下。

15篇必须要复习的作文：
第一类是图画作文。2002年（关于文化，参考课堂创作的版本）
                  2001年（关于爱心，参考前面，作文中出现了举例论证段）
                  范文八（关于空气污染）
                  范文十（沙漠化）
                  范文二十三（森林砍伐）
                  2000年（商业捕鱼）
第二类是图表作文。图表作文复习三篇复杂图表作文。考研作文不会单独来一个柱状图或饼状图或曲线图，它总是两图对比或是两表对比或是多图组合。
                  99年（关于人口增长对野生动物的影响）
                  2001年大纲样题（烟草生产和消费）
                  范文十一（日用花销统计，它的独特之处在于它是一个表格题）
第三类是提纲作文。范文十九（关于口语考试，它的特色是观点对比选择题）
                  范文二十（关于私人汽车，它的特色是出现一个利弊说明段）
第四类是情景作文。范文二十五（关于私人汽车，它的特色是观点对比选择题）
                  范文二十六（关于高考改革）
第五类是事务信函。范文二十四（一封咨询信）
                  范文二十七（一封请求信）

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