您觉得英语写作有困难吗，请看清华老师是咋说的7

<B>第七讲　摘要<p></p></B></P>
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6．摘要 (abstract)<p></p></P>
把一篇文章或一本书的主要内容或中心思想提取出来，再用简洁的语句进行表达，这就是摘要。在摘要中，应注意不流露自己的看法，而应表达原文作者的看法。摘要十分有用，我们们在写论文、报告之前，将相关文献进行概括会有助于把握原文的观点和脉络。<p></p></P>
写摘要的时候必须注意：应该忠实于原文，保持原文的观点和主要内容，同时摘要的长度不应该超过原文的30％。所以在写摘要之前，首先必须搞清楚作者的观点和文章的主要结构，再将其以清晰、简洁的文字表达出来。为了做到清晰、简洁，我们应该学会一些基本的概括技巧：<p></p></P>
l）忽略细节、例子：<p></p></P>
除了作者的主要观点外，任何起支持、展开作用的细节都不应出现在摘要中。<p></p></P>
2）简化描述、修饰性的修辞成分：<p></p></P>
有时作者为了具体地说明问题，使用了比较复杂的描述和刻意的修饰，这些在摘要中都要省去。<p></p></P>
3）避免重复：<p></p></P>
作者为了强调主要观点，往往会加以重复，而在摘要中即使是主要观点的重复也是不必要的。<p></p></P>
4）句子的短语化：<p></p></P>
摘要的语言应该尽可能精练，所以能够用短语表达清楚的地方，就不用句子，而且摘要中应尽量避免使用太长的句子。<p></p></P>
Task:<p></p></P>
请将下面段落的主要内容用尽可能少的文字表达出来。<p></p></P>
Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Yellow Mountain, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on those mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.<p></p></P>
→ Beautiful mountains, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportations.<p></p></P>
阅读下面的文章，写出其摘要。<p></p></P>
I vividly recall my first visit, as a boy of twelve, to a big town. I had hardly been outside the confines of the village where I was born and I had met and talked to no more than a few hundred people; but those few hundred I knew very well. Of course we did sometimes see a strange face, but visitors from the outside world, whose coming aroused great excitement, were few and far between. When I reached the town that I mentioned I was first overcome by the striking change from the slow and quiet life I had been used to. Surely those swiftly moving vehicles must inevitably collide with each other-or with us - at any moment, and those tall buildings collapse and crush us all! But I soon forgot those fears and began to notice something even more amazing-the people on the pavements who were hurrying past each other without a smile. It gradually dawned on me that not only were they not interested in one another; they were strangers and apparently quite content to remain so. It was the lack of friendliness among them which most deeply distressed me.<p></p></P>
I know that if we are to profit from the innumerable mechanical inventions of this scientific age it is necessary for us to live together in large communities. We are thus enabled to provide and enjoy material benefits which are rarely available in small villages - such amenities as good sanitation, cheap transport, well stocked shops-and in addition the very fact of our living together in large numbers makes it possible for us to live a richer social and cultural life. Yet it seems to me that the mechanical inventions demand from ordinary men and women so much of their time and attention that they have none left for their fellow human beings. When I think of those pavements and of those thousands of people hurrying to and fro apparently with no thought for others, I cannot help wondering whether the so-called benefits of civilization in mechanical age are not being purchased at too high a price.<p></p></P>
→ The Price of Living in a Mechanical Age<p></p></P>
The writer first visited a big town in his boyhood, which was spent previously in the limited society of his native village, with rare visitors to provide excitement. His never-forgotten impressions were the speed and noise of town, his fears that the vehic1es must collide and that the high buildings would collapse, and then the distressing realization that townsfolk neither knew nor apparently cared to know each other.<p></p></P>
The amenities provided by science, rarely available in villages, benefit most those living in large communities, where life could be richer socially and culturally. But the writer, fearing that townsfolk were too pre-occupied with mechanical inventions to think of their fellows, wonders if the so-called benefits of modem civilization were not too expensive.<p></p></P>
7. 个人简历 (resume)<p></p></P>
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8. 报告 (report)<p></p></P>
一般是下级经实地考察和调查后写给上级的报告。内容包括对问题下定义、解释、分以及的出的结论和建议。<p></p></P>
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9. 备忘录 (memorandum)<p></p></P>
目的在于提醒和督促人们作某事。<p></p></P>
10. Patterns for Writing (针对考研的几种作文模式)<p></p></P>
九七年以来，命题形式为： 图表 + 提纲；命题内容 描述 + 议论，主题都具一定社会意义。<p></p></P>
写作分成三段式，首段描述图表，第二段对所描述的现象或问题进行分析和评论，末段归纳总结或按要求提出自己的建议。<p></p></P>
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1) 图表 (97 - 02年考题)<p></p></P>
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a. 图表<p></p></P>
The graph shows that _____________________.<p></p></P>
According to the graph, in _______ there is a sharp decline of _______. However, by ______ there was a great increase in ________________. Between ___________ there was a fluctuation of _______. Then the ________ leveled off.<p></p></P>We can conclude from the information presented in the graph that _____________________.